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Cool downs come in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from a quick stretch to full dynamic slowing down of moves similar to the ones you were doing during the session. In general, there are two types of cool down: passive and active.
A definition of an active cool down is: ‘an activity that involves, low-to-moderate intensity exercise or movement performed within one hour after training or competition1’.
Passive cool downs are varied but involve little voluntary muscular movements and can include sitting, standing, lying rest, stretching, foam rolling, vibration therapy, cold/hot-water immersion, and compression garments (this list is not exhaustive).
Until recently there hasn’t been any comprehensive analysis of the benefit of active versus passive cool downs. However, recently, an international team of researchers in The Netherlands and Australia took all of the existing research ever conducted about cool downs, checked it for quality, and then reviewed all of the results. This new research paper reveals some pretty interesting findings.
DOES A COOL DOWN PREVENT STIFFNESS AFTER EXERCISE?
Muscle stiffness is a common phenomenon after training and is caused by a tightening of the muscular tissue and the tendons that connect the muscle to the bone, also called musculotendinous tissue. Like DOMS (see below) it can last for a few days after training.
The findings are unambiguous; all research conducted on this has concluded that an active cool down makes no real difference to muscle stiffness after exercise. However, passive stretching (simply holding a stretch for 6-10 seconds) has been shown to decrease some symptoms of stiffness.
DOES A COOL DOWN REDUCE OR PREVENT DOMS?
DOMS stands for delayed-onset-muscle-soreness. It’s that “ache” that you may feel after a bout of heavy training, and generally comes 1-2 days after training, rather than instantly. It is caused by the by-products of muscle breakdown, which hang around in the muscle for a while after training, and generally take a few days for the body to get rid of (hence the soreness lasting for a few days).
Although some studies have shown that a cool down can make the effects of DOMS more bearable in elite athletes, the majority of studies show that there is no difference in DOMS symptoms when you compare people who have cooled down against people who have not cooled down at all. In fact, some studies even suggest that a cool down makes DOMS worse (due to the continuing usage and breaking down of muscle during the active cool down period).
IS CARB-REFUELING BENEFICIAL?
Carb-refueling is the idea that you benefit from eating carbohydrates as soon as possible after exercise and that an active cool down while consuming carbs increases blood flow to the muscles. This allows them to take in the carbs and refuel quicker.
We know that glycogen is stored in the muscles and the liver, and both sets of stores go down during exercise as the body uses it as a fuel. Post-exercise carb-refuelling (or post-exercise-muscular-glycogen-re-synthesis) is the process of the muscles refilling their stores of glycogen (carbs) after exercise.
While eating carbs soon after exercise is a proven way to restore glycogen levels in the muscles and liver, it turns out that the kind of cool down you do makes little difference, although some evidence shows that an active cool down could actually slow down this process.
DOES A COOL DOWN IMPROVE PERFORMANCE?
While some studies have found that doing an active cool down can slightly increase subsequent performance (either the same day or next day), just as many studies have shown no real difference in performance, and some have even found decreases in performance. Although a reason for these conflicting results could be because of the differences between the methods of the studies, and it is clear that more research is needed, at this point the evidence suggests an active cooldown does not increase performance. It is worth noting that all of the performance-specific studies to date have been done on explosive high-intensity interval training, like LES MILLS GRIT, so these findings may not hold true for endurance athletes such as marathon runners.
THE BOTTOM LINE ON COOL DOWNS
Evidence suggests that a quick stretch is probably the only beneficial part of a cool down, and some of the rest of the cool down process may not assist recovery.
Despite this, many people just “feel better” psychologically after doing some kind of cooling down activity, which is largely down to the placebo effect. The placebo effect is well documented as something which can in itself, be hugely beneficial in all sorts of circumstances, so if you think a cool down helps you, there is every chance that it does.
Bryce Hastings, Les Mills Head of Research says enjoying the “feel good” benefits of cool down is as easy as gradually reducing activity levels until the heart rate and breathing return to normal.
If the workout you’re doing doesn’t feature a structured cool down, and you want to wrap up your exercise by bringing your heart rate down, you can have quick stretch of the major muscles (quads, hamstrings, hip flexors, calves, and chest), this will not only make you feel better, but may also help with stiffness too.
Hastings advises that if you really want your body to benefit from enhanced recovery and improved flexibility then a restorative workout such as BODYBALANCE is the way to go. A weekly BODYBALANCE session will help increase your flexibility and core strength, not to mention leave you feeling calm and strong.
